DETERMINATION AND RISK ASSESSMENT OF P-HYDROXYBENZOATE ESTERS (PARABENS) IN INDOOR DUST FROM SOME NORTHERN CITIES IN VIETNAM

Abstract

    In this study, six p-hydroxybenzoate esters (parabens) were determined in total 34 house dust samples collected from 04 cities and provinces (including Hanoi, Hung Yen, Thai Binh and Ha Tinh) in Northern and Central, Vietnam. Concentration of six parabens in all samples ranged from 52.7 to 842 ng/g with mean value as 196 ng/g. Highest level of parabens was founded in indoor dust of informal e-waste recycling sites in Hanoi and Hung Yen (mean: 298 ng/g; range: 70.1 - 842 ng/g). The predominant substances detected were methyl paraben, propyl paraben and butyl paraben, which were popularly produced and used in variety of consumer products. The estimated daily intakes of paraben via dust consumption for infants, toddlers, children, teenagers, and adults were 0.735, 0.784, 0.368, 0.206, and 0.168 ng/kg body weight/day, respectively.

Key words: parabens, methyl paraben, indoor dust, risk assessment, non-dietary exposure