The role of encaustic cement tiles in the development of non-fired construction materials in Vietnam

Abstract

Vietnam is promoting a national strategy for the development of non-fired construction materials to reduce environmental impacts and achieve sustainable development goals. In this context, handcrafted cement encaustic tiles—a decorative material produced from cement and stone powder without firing—have shown significant potential in terms of environmental efficiency and aesthetic–cultural value. While extensive studies have been conducted on industrial non-fired construction materials such as cement blocks, autoclaved aerated concrete, and lightweight panels, no systematic research has analyzed the role of handcrafted encaustic tiles within Vietnam’s green material framework, particularly concerning the technical–energy–cultural indicators in relation to green building standards. Using policy analysis, literature synthesis, and field surveys at tile manufacturing facilities, this study clarifies the technical, environmental, and heritage values of encaustic tiles in the context of Vietnam’s green transition. The results reveal that non-fired production enables a 40–60% reduction in CO₂ emissions and 60–70% energy savings compared with fired clay bricks, while maintaining compressive strength between 20–25 MPa and high reusability. Accordingly, the study proposes a “Green Cement Tiles Framework” that integrates modern technology with traditional craftsmanship, thereby enhancing the position of this heritage material within Vietnam’s non-fired construction materials ecosystem and contributing to circular economy practices in the construction sector.